Bi-directional metabolic reprogramming between cancer cells and T cells reshapes the anti-tumor immune response

Cancer cells and T cells engage in dynamic crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment (TME), shaping tumor progression and anti-tumor immunity. While cancer cells reprogram metabolism to support growth and immune evasion, T cells must adapt their metabolic states to maintain effector functions. Tumor-driven metabolic perturbations, such as nutrient depletion and accumulation of immunosuppressive metabolites, profoundly impair T cell function and fate. Conversely, metabolically reprogrammed T cells can modulate the TME and influence tumor growth. This reciprocal metabolic crosstalk represents both metabolic competition and intercellular communication, offering promising therapeutic targets.