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Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule02:36

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

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Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a model called the Lewis model that simplified the depiction of chemical bond formation and provided straightforward explanations for the chemical bonds seen in most common compounds.
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Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...
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Lewis symbols can be used to indicate the formation of covalent bonds, which are shown in Lewis structures—drawings that describe the bonding in molecules and polyatomic ions. The periodic table can be used to predict the number of valence electrons in an atom and the number of bonds that will be formed to reach an octet. Group 18 elements, such as argon and helium, have filled electron configurations and thus rarely participate in chemical bonding. However, atoms from group 17, such as...
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures02:46

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

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Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.
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Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions02:54

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To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:
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A Lewis basic CeO2 cocatalyst expedites two-electron air electroreduction at the theoretical limit.

Lili Jiang1, Shan Ding1, Haiyun Li1

  • 1Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China. sheng.chen@njust.edu.cn.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|July 15, 2025
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Summary

Two-electron air electroreduction is inefficient. Adding cerium dioxide (CeO2) cocatalyst boosts efficiency to over 90% by altering zinc oxide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Two-electron air electroreduction is crucial for energy conversion but suffers from low efficiency at the theoretical limit.
  • Developing efficient electrocatalysts is essential to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the efficiency of two-electron air electroreduction.
  • To investigate the role of cerium dioxide (CeO2) as a cocatalyst in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cerium dioxide (CeO2) as a Lewis basic cocatalyst.
  • Performed theoretical and experimental analyses to understand the reaction mechanism.
  • Investigated the electronic structure modifications induced by CeO2 incorporation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved over 90% Faradaic efficiency at the theoretical limit for two-electron air electroreduction.
  • Demonstrated that CeO2 incorporation alters the electronic structure of ZnO.
  • Showed enhanced selective oxygen adsorption due to CeO2.

Conclusions:

  • Lewis basic CeO2 is an effective cocatalyst for improving two-electron air electroreduction efficiency.
  • The enhanced performance is attributed to altered electronic structures and improved oxygen adsorption.
  • This work provides insights into designing advanced electrocatalysts for air electroreduction reactions.