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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Materials Science
    • Urology

    Background:

    • Urinary stone disease prevalence is increasing, causing significant pain and requiring medical intervention.
    • Laser lithotripsy, particularly using the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser, is a standard treatment for urinary stones.
    • Current Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy efficiency improvements focus on laser parameters, with limited success.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To enhance the efficiency of Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy for urinary stones.
    • To investigate a nanoplasmonic engineering strategy using nanoparticles in a surrounding fluid.
    • To evaluate the impact of a specific nanofluid on stone ablation and tissue safety.

    Main Methods:

    • Incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) with strong near-infrared (NIR) absorption into a surrounding fluid.
    • Utilizing a 0.03 wt.% PEDOT:PSS nanofluid with a clinical Ho:YAG laser lithotripter.
    • Assessing stone ablation efficiency in both spot and scanning treatment modes.
    • Conducting cytotoxicity tests to evaluate safety.

    Main Results:

    • Stone ablation efficiency improved by 38-727% (spot treatment) and 26-75% (scanning treatment) with the nanofluid.
    • The nanofluid enhanced vapor tunnel formation and laser energy transmission to the stone.
    • The nanofluid permeated stone pores, increasing damage without elevating thermal tissue injury risk.
    • Cytotoxicity tests showed minimal toxicity at effective concentrations.

    Conclusions:

    • Nanoplasmonic engineering with a NIR-absorbing nanofluid significantly improves Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy efficiency.
    • This nanofluid-based approach offers a promising method for more effective and safer urinary stone treatment.
    • The strategy enhances light-matter interaction, leading to better stone fragmentation with minimal risk to surrounding tissues.