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Neuronal Autoantibodies in Adults After Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis

Steven L Staal1, Liora Ter Horst1, Juliette Brenner2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; and.

Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
|July 16, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...