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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Author Spotlight: Accelerating Discovery in Microporous Material Chemistry

Author Spotlight: Accelerating Discovery in Microporous Material Chemistry

Published on: October 6, 2023

Element-Specific Local Chemical Order of High-Entropy Nanoalloys.

David Morris¹, Boyang Li², Yonggang Yao³

¹Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.

|July 16, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed a new method to precisely measure local chemical order in complex nanoalloys. This technique, using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and simulations, helps understand high-entropy alloys for better catalysis.

Keywords:

X-ray absorption spectroscopy catalytic ammonia decomposition high-entropy alloy local chemical order nanoalloys

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Last Updated: Sep 15, 2025

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Published on: June 7, 2018

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

Published on: May 29, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Catalysis

Background:

Multielemental nanoalloys offer unique properties for catalysis due to their complex structures.
Local chemical order (LCO) is a critical structural feature influencing nanoalloy performance.
Quantifying LCO is challenging, especially in alloys with elements of similar atomic numbers.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a reliable method for element-specific quantification of LCO in high-entropy alloys (HEAs).
To correlate LCO with catalytic activity in HEAs.

Main Methods:

Combined experimental X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) with computational simulations.
Applied the methodology to a five-element high-entropy alloy (HEA-5) and a 15-element HEA sample.
Focused on element-specific analysis of bonding pairs.

Main Results:

Successfully verified and quantified LCO on an element-specific basis.
Identified the Ruthenium-Iridium (Ru-Ir) bonding pair as a key contributor to LCO in HEA-5.
Observed consistent LCO trends across different HEA compositions.

Conclusions:

The developed methodology enables accurate assessment of LCO in complex nanoalloys.
Element-specific LCO analysis is crucial for understanding and designing high-entropy nanoalloys for catalysis.
Findings support the link between LCO and enhanced catalytic performance, specifically in ammonia decomposition.