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Related Concept Videos

Exocrine Glands: Methods of Secretion01:08

Exocrine Glands: Methods of Secretion

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Exocrine glands are those that release their secretions through ducts. Based on their mode of secretion, they can be classified into merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.
Merocrine Secretion
Merocrine secretion is the most common type of exocrine secretion. The secretions are enclosed in vesicles and moved to the cell's apical surface, where the contents are released by exocytosis. For example, mucous, a watery secretion rich in the glycoprotein mucin, is a merocrine secretion. The eccrine...
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Microdissection and Whole Mount Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of Mouse Choroid Plexus
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Apocrine secretion by the choroid plexus.

Ya'el Courtney1,2, Maria K Lehtinen3,4

  • 1Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.

Fluids and Barriers of the CNS
|July 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The choroid plexus (ChP) uses apocrine secretion to release cytoplasmic cargo into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), influencing brain development. This calcium-dependent process, regulated by factors like serotonin, delivers proteins and organelles vital for neurogenesis.

Keywords:
Apocrine secretionCalciumCerebrospinal fluidChoroid plexusEpithelial cellsExocytosisExtracellular vesiclesNeuromodulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The choroid plexus (ChP) epithelium produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and signaling molecules crucial for brain development.
  • Beyond classical secretion, the ChP utilizes apocrine secretion, releasing large cytoplasmic portions (aposomes) from its apical surface.
  • This apocrine pathway is calcium-dependent and modulated by neurochemicals like serotonin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review structural, functional, and proteomic evidence supporting ChP apocrine secretion.
  • To compare apocrine secretion with other epithelial release mechanisms.
  • To identify key questions regarding the regulation and physiological roles of ChP apocrine secretion.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of existing literature on ChP structure and function.
  • Analysis of imaging and molecular data on apocrine secretion.
  • Proteomic data interpretation regarding CSF cargo.

Main Results:

  • Apocrine secretion delivers unique cytoplasmic proteins, organelles, and signaling molecules into the CSF.
  • This process plays a role in neurogenesis and progenitor cell differentiation.
  • ChP apocrine secretion significantly shapes the CSF environment.

Conclusions:

  • ChP apocrine secretion is an underappreciated yet vital mechanism for releasing cargo into the CSF.
  • Understanding this unconventional pathway is key to comprehending its contribution to brain development.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the regulation and physiological impact of this secretory process.