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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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Dynamic Modulation of Beta-Band Oscillations in the LGN and Their Role in Visual Processing.

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    Beta-band oscillations between the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and visual cortex (V1) are suppressed by attention and arousal. These oscillations may signal reduced network engagement or distractor suppression, rather than enhanced visual processing.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Systems Neuroscience
    • Thalamocortical Dynamics

    Background:

    • Neuronal oscillations are key to thalamocortical communication, adapting to environmental and behavioral demands.
    • The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) relays visual information to the primary visual cortex (V1), influenced by both retinal and nonretinal inputs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of beta-band oscillations in the geniculocortical pathway during different behavioral states.
    • To determine if LGN-V1 oscillations enhance or suppress visual signal transmission.

    Main Methods:

    • Simultaneous extracellular recordings of local field potentials (LFPs) and spiking activity in the LGN and V1 of behaving macaque monkeys.
    • Analysis of beta-band oscillations and their relationship with spike timing and behavioral states.

    Main Results:

    • Prominent beta-band oscillations were found to be coherent between the LGN and V1, influencing LGN spike timing.
    • These oscillations were suppressed by visual stimulation, spatial attention, and behavioral arousal.
    • The findings suggest a feedforward process from the LGN to V1, modulated by attention and arousal.

    Conclusions:

    • Thalamocortical beta-band oscillations in the LGN-V1 pathway are suppressed during active processing, attention, and arousal.
    • These oscillations may represent a mechanism for signal suppression, analogous to alpha oscillations in humans.
    • The results challenge the view that these oscillations enhance visual information transmission.