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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

450
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

1.0K
Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

513
Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

55.8K
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Characterizing the extended language network in individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)·2025
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

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Characterizing the Extended Language Network in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis.

Alexander S Ratzan1,2, Leila Simani1, Jordan D Dworkin3

  • 1Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY.

Medrxiv : the Preprint Server for Health Sciences
|July 17, 2025
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Summary

Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) show impaired language skills, particularly in semantic fluency. This study identified network-level brain imaging markers associated with language dysfunction in MS patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Language dysfunction is a common and early symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Understanding the neural basis of language deficits in MS is crucial for early detection and intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a network-level model of language dysfunction in MS.
  • To identify neuroimaging correlates of language impairment in MS patients.

Main Methods:

  • Acquired functional and structural brain MRI and cognitive data from 54 MS patients and 54 healthy controls (HCs).
  • Calculated functional connectivity measures for the extended language network (ELN) and derived structural imaging metrics.
  • Utilized unsupervised learning to explore relationships between neuroimaging features and language performance in the MS group.

Main Results:

  • MS patients performed significantly worse on semantic fluency and rapid automated naming tasks compared to HCs.
  • The MS group showed increased within-ELN connectivity.
  • A multimodal latent component derived from neuroimaging uniquely correlated with language performance in MS patients.

Conclusions:

  • Network-level functional and structural brain measures can help characterize language dysfunction in MS.
  • These identified features may serve as potential mechanisms and predictors for MS-specific language deficits.