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Systematic Review of Craniofacial Phenotyping in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An Approach to Standardization of

Izzati Nabilah Ismail1, Nor Diyana Ismail2,3

  • 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnosis, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.

Sleep Science (Sao Paulo, Brazil)
|July 17, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Standardizing craniofacial phenotyping for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is crucial. This review highlights variations in methods and proposes a framework to improve diagnostic reliability and quantitative analysis in OSA research.

Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Pediatric medicine
  • Sleep medicine

Background:

  • Craniofacial phenotyping is essential for diagnosing pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
  • Current methods lack standardization, leading to inconsistent and unreliable quantitative analyses.
  • This inconsistency impedes a thorough understanding of OSA's craniofacial aspects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review existing craniofacial phenotyping methodologies for pediatric OSA.
  • To identify key parameters used in current phenotyping techniques.
  • To propose standardization measures for enhanced reliability and validity in quantitative research.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Comprehensive search of electronic databases.
  • Inclusion of 13 relevant studies for data extraction.

Main Results:

  • Significant variation exists in craniofacial phenotyping techniques across studies.
  • A wide array of parameters are employed, lacking uniformity.
  • The review identified a need for standardized assessment protocols.

Conclusions:

  • A proposed framework of parameters for evaluating pediatric OSA craniofacial morphology is presented.
  • Standardization will improve consistency in research.
  • This will facilitate more reliable and valid quantitative analyses in pediatric OSA.

Keywords:
craniofacial phenotypeobstructive sleep apneapediatricphenotyping methods

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