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Related Concept Videos

Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

1.1K
Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
1.1K
Complexometric Titration: Overview00:39

Complexometric Titration: Overview

7.9K
Complexometric titration involves the formation of a complex by reacting a metal ion with one or more ligands. A visual indicator often detects the end point of a complexometric titration. It is added to the metal solution before the titration, forming a stable metal–indicator complex and imparting color to the solution. As the titration approaches the equivalence point, the excess of the added ligand displaces the indicator from the metal–indicator complex, releasing the free...
7.9K
EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

675
EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
675
Alkenes via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: McMurry Reaction01:22

Alkenes via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: McMurry Reaction

2.0K
The radical dimerization of ketones or aldehydes gives vicinal diols through a pinacol coupling reaction. However, the behavior of titanium metals used for the reaction as a source of electrons is unusual. When the reaction is carried out in the presence of titanium, diols can be isolated at low temperatures. Else titanium further reacts with diols, forming alkenes through the McMurry reaction.
2.0K

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Titanium Complexes as Used in Cosmetics.

Wilbur Johnson1, Wilma F Bergfeld2, Donald V Belsito2

  • 1Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Scientific Analyst/Writer.

International Journal of Toxicology
|July 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety found Isopropyl Titanium Triisostearate safe for cosmetic use as a surface modifier. However, insufficient data prevents safety conclusions for other titanium complexes like Titanium Citrate and Titanium Ethoxide.

Keywords:
Cosmetic Ingredient ReviewCosmeticsExpert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient SafetyIsopropyl Titanium TriisostearateSafetyTitanium CitrateTitanium EthoxideTitanium IsostearatesTitanium Salicylate

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Science
  • Toxicology
  • Material Science

Background:

  • Cosmetic products utilize various ingredients for diverse functions.
  • Titanium complexes are employed for properties like surface modification, colorant, and opacifying.
  • Assessing the safety of cosmetic ingredients is crucial for consumer protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety of five titanium complexes used in cosmetic products.
  • To determine the safety of Isopropyl Titanium Triisostearate, Titanium Citrate, Titanium Ethoxide, Titanium Isostearates, and Titanium Salicylate.
  • To provide safety conclusions based on available scientific data.

Main Methods:

  • Review of relevant scientific data on the safety of titanium complexes.
  • Assessment of Isopropyl Titanium Triisostearate for its function as a surface modifier.
  • Evaluation of data adequacy for other listed titanium complexes.

Main Results:

  • Isopropyl Titanium Triisostearate is deemed safe in cosmetics at current usage levels and concentrations as a surface modifier.
  • Safety data for Titanium Citrate, Titanium Ethoxide, Titanium Isostearates, and Titanium Salicylate were insufficient for a conclusive assessment.
  • The Panel identified specific functions for each titanium complex reviewed.

Conclusions:

  • Isopropyl Titanium Triisostearate is safe for use as a surface modifier in cosmetic formulations.
  • Further research and data are required to establish the safety of Titanium Citrate, Titanium Ethoxide, Titanium Isostearates, and Titanium Salicylate in cosmetics.
  • The safety assessment highlights the need for comprehensive data for all cosmetic ingredients.