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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Gene Regulation and Targeted Therapy in Gastric Cancer Peritoneal Metastasis: Radiological Findings from Dual Energy CT and PET/CT
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Evaluating Multidetector Row CT for Locoregional Staging in Individuals with Locally Advanced Breast Cancer.

Vinicius C Felipe1, Paula N V P Barbosa1, Rubens Chojniak1

  • 1Department of Imaging, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, R. Prof Antônio Prudente 211, 01509-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Radiology. Cardiothoracic Imaging
|July 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Multidetector row CT (MDCT) and MRI show high agreement for breast cancer staging. MDCT is reliable for nodal staging, while MRI is better for main tumor size accuracy.

Keywords:
BreastCTStaging

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Oncology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Accurate locoregional staging is crucial for newly diagnosed breast cancer treatment planning.
  • Multidetector row CT (MDCT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are advanced imaging modalities used for cancer staging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the agreement and reliability of MDCT and MRI for locoregional staging of breast cancer.
  • To compare imaging findings with pathologic staging in patients undergoing upfront surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective single-center study including 111 female participants with breast cancer.
  • Comparison of MDCT and MRI findings against pathologic staging.
  • Reliability assessed using Fleiss κ and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).

Main Results:

  • Both MDCT and MRI demonstrated high agreement in depicting index tumors and assessing multifocality.
  • MRI showed higher reliability for main tumor size (ICC, 0.74) compared to MDCT (ICC, 0.53).
  • MDCT was more reliable for determining the number of metastatic nodes (ICC, 0.69) than MRI (ICC, 0.56).

Conclusions:

  • Contrast-enhanced MDCT with a dedicated breast protocol shows high agreement and reliability with MRI for breast cancer staging.
  • MDCT and MRI offer complementary strengths in different aspects of locoregional staging.