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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Studying Diabetes Through the Eyes of a Fish: Microdissection, Visualization, and Analysis of the Adult tgfli:EGFP Zebrafish Retinal Vasculature
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Prediabetes.

Ranjit Unnikrishnan1,2, Jonathan E Shaw3, Juliana C N Chan4,5

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Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|July 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prediabetes, a precursor to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), increases risks for complications. Current screening and management strategies for prediabetes, including lifestyle changes and medications, require further research for effectiveness and cost-efficiency in diverse patient groups.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Prediabetes signifies an intermediate stage preceding type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development.
  • Individuals with prediabetes face heightened risks for vascular and non-vascular complications.
  • Current screening methods like fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and oral glucose tolerance tests lack a universally agreed-upon optimal strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of prediabetes screening, pathophysiology, and management.
  • To identify gaps in evidence regarding the efficacy of interventions for specific prediabetes phenotypes and patient demographics.
  • To assess the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of pharmacotherapy for prediabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on prediabetes screening and management.
  • Analysis of data concerning different prediabetes phenotypes (impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance).
  • Examination of evidence for lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy in various patient groups.

Main Results:

  • Two major prediabetes phenotypes, impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, may have distinct pathophysiologies and treatment responses.
  • Evidence for interventions primarily focuses on overweight/obese individuals with impaired glucose tolerance.
  • The benefits of interventions for impaired fasting glucose, normal-weight individuals, and the cost-effectiveness of pharmacotherapy remain unclear.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to clarify optimal screening and management strategies for all prediabetes phenotypes and patient profiles.
  • The translation of prediabetes interventions to community settings via large-scale prevention programs is under investigation.
  • Understanding the long-term cost-effectiveness and sustainability of treatments is crucial for effective T2DM prevention.