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Updated: May 8, 2026

3D Microtissues for Injectable Regenerative Therapy and High-throughput Drug Screening

3D Microtissues for Injectable Regenerative Therapy and High-throughput Drug Screening

Published on: October 4, 2017

Interparticle Crosslinked Ion-Responsive Microgels for 3D and 4D (Bio)Printing Applications.

Vaibhav Pal^1,2, Deepak Gupta^3,1, Suihong Liu^3,1

¹The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|July 18, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed novel ion-responsive microgels for advanced 3D and 4D bioprinting. These self-supporting biomaterials enable vascularization and dynamic shape changes, paving the way for regenerative medicine and soft robotics.

Keywords:

3D bioprinting 4D printing Microgels stimuli‐responsive vascularization

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Interlinked Macroporous 3D Scaffolds from Microgel Rods

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Published on: June 16, 2022

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Medicine
Biofabrication

Background:

Microgels offer advantages over bulk hydrogels, particularly stimuli-responsive variants with bioactive and self-supporting characteristics.
Existing biomaterials often require filler hydrogels, hindering cell migration and vascularization within constructs.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop interparticle-crosslinked, self-supporting, ion-responsive microgels for 3D and 4D bioprinting.
To create microgels that eliminate the need for filler hydrogels, preserving void spaces for cell infiltration and vascularization.
To achieve tunable, reversible ion-responsive shrinking behavior via the Hofmeister effect.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of interparticle-crosslinked, ion-responsive microgels.
Validation of microgel properties including shear-thinning, self-healing, and print fidelity.
Application of various bioprinting techniques (extrusion-based, embedded, intraembedded, aspiration-assisted).
Development of multi-material 4D printing using ion-responsive and non-responsive microgels.

Main Results:

Constructs supported angiogenesis with tunable vessel sizes.
Demonstrated excellent shear-thinning, self-healing properties, and high print fidelity.
Achieved multi-material 4D printing with programmable shape transformations (coiling filaments, grippers, folding sheets).

Conclusions:

Developed novel ion-responsive microgels for advanced bioprinting applications.
Demonstrated the potential of these microgels for creating complex, dynamic structures for tissue engineering and soft robotics.
Highlighted the significance of interparticle crosslinking and ion-responsiveness for enhanced biomaterial design.