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Autonomous wearable sensing enabled by capillary microfluidics: a review.

Kiran Kuruvinashetti^1,2, Amin Komeili^1,2, Amir Sanati Nezhad^1,2

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada. amin.komeili@ucalgary.ca.

|July 18, 2025

Summary

Wearable microfluidic devices offer continuous, non-invasive monitoring of biofluids like sweat. This review explores advances in skin-conformal designs for passive fluid sampling and integrated biochemical sensing for personalized health.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Capillary microfluidic wearables are autonomous biosensing platforms for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of biofluids.
Recent advances focus on skin-conformal device architectures for passive, power-free fluid sampling and biochemical sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically examine recent advances in capillary microfluidic wearables for biofluid monitoring.
To classify systems by fluid handling and sensing modes.
To discuss design principles and emerging trends in biosensing and therapeutic integration.

Main Methods:

Review of recent literature on skin-conformal microfluidic devices.
Classification of devices based on fluid handling (chrono-sampling vs. continuous flow) and sensing (on-body vs. off-body).
Discussion of design principles (burst valves, evaporative reservoirs, multilayer networks, hydrogels) and sensing modalities (electrochemical, optical).

Main Results:

Advances in skin-conformal architectures enable passive fluid sampling and integration with biochemical sensing.
Key design principles address challenges like evaporation, backflow, and biofouling.
Progress in electrochemical and optical biosensing allows real-time quantification of analytes like cortisol, glucose, and lactate.

Conclusions:

Capillary microfluidic wearables represent a promising platform for lab-on-skin diagnostics and personalized health monitoring.
Translational challenges include clinical validation, biocompatibility, and manufacturing scalability.
Future development requires addressing these challenges to realize the full potential of these devices.