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Related Concept Videos

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System V: CT01:28

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System V: CT

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Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scanning is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that utilizes CT technology, with or without intravenous (IV) contrast, to produce accurate cross-sectional virtual slices of specific areas of the heart, coronary circulation, and major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary veins, and arteries. The computer processes these slices to generate three-dimensional images. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is a rapid form of CT scanning that captures multiple slices...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

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Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
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Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
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Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Clinical & Multimodality Imaging Assessment.

Izhan Hamza1, Esosa Odigie-Okon2, Tianrong Xie2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.

Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)
|July 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (ApHCM) diagnosis and management rely on multimodality imaging. Advanced techniques like cardiac MRI improve risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in ApHCM patients.

Keywords:
apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathycardiac magnetic resonance imagingechocardiographyhypertrophic cardiomyopathymultimodality imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (ApHCM) is a specific form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
  • It is characterized by thickening of the left ventricular apex, presenting diagnostic and management challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of multimodality imaging in diagnosing and managing ApHCM.
  • To highlight the importance of advanced imaging for risk stratification and patient care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of transthoracic echocardiography, contrast-enhanced echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR).
  • Discussion of cardiac computed tomography and nuclear perfusion imaging as adjuncts.
  • Emphasis on CMR's role as the gold standard for evaluating apical hypertrophy and fibrosis.

Main Results:

  • Echocardiography is first-line but has limitations in apical visualization; contrast enhancement improves accuracy.
  • CMR offers superior resolution for assessing apical thickness, aneurysms, and myocardial fibrosis (LGE).
  • CMR markers like LGE burden and aneurysm size aid in sudden cardiac death risk stratification.

Conclusions:

  • Multimodality imaging is crucial for ApHCM diagnosis, risk assessment, and management.
  • Future research should refine risk prediction tools for personalized ApHCM care.
  • Optimizing imaging strategies can improve clinical outcomes in ApHCM.