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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Language Development01:22

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Sputum Studies II: Culture and Sensitivity01:20

Sputum Studies II: Culture and Sensitivity

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Description
Sputum culture and sensitivity is a medical procedure used to diagnose bacterial infections in the respiratory tract and select the most appropriate antibiotics for treatment. This process involves analyzing sputum samples of thick and opaque secretions produced in the lungs and airways. These samples are collected from patients and then sent to the laboratory for analysis.
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Involving Individuals with Developmental Language Disorder and Their Parents/Carers in Research Priority Setting
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Surrey Communication and Language in Education Study (SCALES): cohort profile.

Courtenay Norbury1,2, Sarah Griffiths3, Laura Lucas3

  • 1Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK c.norbury@ucl.ac.uk.

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Summary

Developmental language disorders are common and impact education and mental health. Early identification is key, as language status at school entry predicts long-term outcomes, including academic progress and well-being.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Educational psychology
  • Public health

Background:

  • Developmental language disorders (DLDs) are prevalent neurodevelopmental conditions.
  • Understanding the long-term impact of DLDs on education and mental health is crucial.
  • The Surrey Communication and Language in Education Study (SCALES) cohort was established to address these gaps.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the prevalence, persistence, and impact of DLDs.
  • To investigate the effects of DLDs on cognition and mental health.
  • To utilize newly established international consensus diagnostic criteria for DLDs.

Main Methods:

  • A population-based sample of 7267 children aged 4-5 years in Surrey, England.
  • Teacher-rated screening data on language, behavior, and early learning goals were collected.
  • A subsample of children with language difficulties underwent intensive assessments across multiple time points (ages 5-13).
  • Screening data were linked to the National Pupil Database for educational progress and special educational needs provision.

Main Results:

  • DLDs are more prevalent than other neurodevelopmental conditions like autism.
  • Language disorders are more common in areas of socioeconomic disadvantage.
  • Language status at school entry is a strong predictor of long-term educational progress, cognitive abilities, and mental health risks.

Conclusions:

  • Language ability is a stable trait, making early language status a critical indicator.
  • DLDs have significant, lasting effects on academic achievement and socio-emotional development.
  • Early identification and support for DLDs are essential for improving long-term outcomes.