The use of OpenSim software for biomechanical modeling of the shoulder joint: a scoping review

Shoulder musculoskeletal models play a crucial role in biomechanical research, providing insights into joint mechanics, muscle function, movement analysis, and potential interventions. This literature review examines the use of upper limb computational models in OpenSim, focusing on their application in shoulder joint studies. It summarizes advancements in modeling and evaluates clinical applicability, considering sample size, experimental data, and OpenSim-based analyses. The review included studies from PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Web of Science, Scopus, and the OpenSim website, without language or publication date restrictions. Editorials, opinion articles, seminar documents, conference abstracts, and incomplete papers were excluded. Screening involved one reviewer's duplicate removal, followed by two reviewers' independent assessments. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion or consultation with a third reviewer. While various upper limb models were reviewed, emphasis was placed on shoulder musculoskeletal modeling due to its biomechanical significance. From 1056 identified articles, 77 were included. However, many studies lacked clarity in their analyses and workflows, complicating result interpretation and replication. Some relied on theoretical inputs with limited or no participants, raising concerns about physiological accuracy. Incorporating experimental data improves simulation reliability, enabling personalization and validation by comparing simulation results with experimental measurements.