Biofluid-based biosensors: Analyzing biomarkers for disease detection

The advancement of biofluid-based biosensors (BBs) generates significant interest owing to their capacity for non-invasive, real-time health assessment. These biosensors, proficient in assessing biomarkers in body fluids like sweat, saliva, interstitial fluid, tears, blood, and urine, provide significant benefits in illness detection and individualized healthcare. Recent breakthroughs in sensor technology, encompassing the incorporation of nanomaterials, microfluidics, and wearable electronics, have markedly enhanced the sensitivity, specificity, and portability of biosensors. This chapter examines different types of biosensors, elucidating their functions and applications in the monitoring of various diseases, including metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, and cancer. It also tackles critical issues in the development and implementation of BBs, including attaining long-term stability, standardizing sampling techniques, and confirming their clinical diagnostic efficacy. Current trends are examined, especially the use of artificial intelligence and data analytics for biosensor data interpretation. Finally, the chapter provides some thoughts on the possible integration of these technologies into telemedicine and wearable health devices and their prospects for the future of digital healthcare.