Smart magnetic nanoparticles under electromagnetic stimulation: a synergistic approach to targeted chemotherapy and...

Electromagnetic stimulated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as a promising multifunctional platform for disease treatment, particularly in oncology. While magnetic hyperthermia and nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery have been extensively studied, they are often explored as separate modalities, overlooking the substantial synergistic effects achievable when combined, especially under electromagnetic stimulation. Recent studies reveal that integrating magnetic hyperthermia with electromagnetic stimulated drug delivery enhances spatial and temporal therapeutic precision and significantly increases cancer cell apoptosis, outperforming either approach alone. Despite growing evidence supporting this dual-function strategy, the literature lacks a comprehensive evaluation of the underlying mechanisms, therapeutic outcomes, and translational challenges associated with electrostimulated MNPs. This review addresses that gap by critically examining the dual role of electrostimulated MNPs in delivering localized heat and controlled drug release. We further explore innovative strategies to overcome clinical limitations such as tissue penetration and targeting depth. This review also summarizes recent synthetic methods and functionalization strategies for magnetic nanoparticles, evaluates their effectiveness in electromagnetic stimulated drug release and hyperthermia, and discusses clinical translation barriers. Through this integrated perspective, we aim to advance the understanding and application of electromagnetic stimulated MNPs as a breakthrough approach in cancer therapy.