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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Updated: Sep 14, 2025

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Hypermentalizing: the development and validation of a self-report measure.

Carla Sharp1, C Barr2, Salome Vanwoerden3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.

Frontiers in Psychology
|July 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed the Hypermentalizing Questionnaire (HMZQ) to measure assumptions about others' mental states. The HMZQ effectively assesses hypermentalizing in adolescents and young adults, including those with borderline personality disorder.

Keywords:
assessmenthypermentalingpersonality disorderpsychopathologytheory of mind

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Hypermentalizing, or excessive theory of mind, involves making assumptions about others' mental states beyond observable data.
  • A validated self-report measure for hypermentalizing was previously unavailable.
  • Attachment theory provides a framework for understanding mentalizing in relationships.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and psychometrically evaluate a theoretically grounded, attachment-based self-report measure of hypermentalizing.
  • To assess hypermentalizing in relation to parents, peers, and intimate partners.
  • To examine the measure's utility in clinical and non-clinical adolescent and young adult populations.

Main Methods:

  • Study 1: 745 undergraduate students completed the Hypermentalizing Questionnaire (HMZQ) and the Movie Assessment for Social Cognition (MASC).
  • Study 2: 364 adolescents (ages 12-17), including those with BPD, psychiatric controls, and healthy controls, completed the HMZQ.
  • Factor analyses and external validity checks were employed to evaluate the HMZQ's psychometric properties.

Main Results:

  • Factor analyses supported the HMZQ's factor structure, with the parent-focused version showing particular promise.
  • The 26-item parent-focused HMZQ distinguished adolescents with borderline personality disorder from psychiatric and healthy controls.
  • The HMZQ demonstrated effectiveness in assessing hypermentalizing across typical and atypical adolescent and young adult populations.

Conclusions:

  • The Hypermentalizing Questionnaire (HMZQ) is a psychometrically sound measure for assessing hypermentalizing.
  • The parent-focused HMZQ is particularly valuable for differentiating clinical and non-clinical groups.
  • The HMZQ is suitable for use with both typical and atypical adolescent and young adult populations.