Research progress on evaluation methods for skeletal muscle mass assessment in sarcopenia (Review)

Sarcopenia, characterized by the age-related decline in muscle mass and function, especially in cancer patients, demands accurate diagnostic measures. Recent literature reflects a paradigm shift towards more accessible and diverse assessment tools. Traditional methods such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and bioimpedance analysis offer precise measurements but are limited by equipment availability. By contrast, calf circumference, a simple and quick measure, has emerged as a strong predictor of overall muscle mass and health outcomes, including mortality. The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia has refined diagnostic criteria, emphasizing the universality of calf circumference across ethnicities. Imaging modalities such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging provide detailed assessments but are less accessible. Ultrasound serves as a non-invasive, portable alternative, enabling standardized muscle evaluation. Innovative self-screening tools such as the Yubi-wakka test and a simple questionnaire of sarcopenia, enhance clinical utility by identifying muscle abnormalities. The integration of these methods heralds a new era in sarcopenia diagnosis, facilitating early detection and timely intervention. The imperative for future research lies in optimizing these techniques for clinical practice and elucidating their predictive capabilities across diverse populations.