Advancing organ-on-chip systems: the role of microfluidics in neuro-cardiac research

The neuro-cardiac junction is involved in many pathological conditions in humans, but no model currently allows translational studies to investigate its role. Animal models fail to accurately represent this interaction. This review explores the role of microfluidic technologies in advancing organ-on-chip systems that simulate neuro-cardiac interactions in a controlled environment. By offering precise control over cellular environments, microfluidic platforms significantly enhance the modeling of dynamic cardiac-neural cell interactions. These systems allow the development of more accurate and functional neuro-cardiac junctions, vital for investigating cardiovascular diseases and the neuronal impact in these pathologies. While traditional animal models and co-culture techniques have their merits, they are limited in replicating human-specific physiology. Recent innovations in microfluidics, in combination with human-induced pluripotent stem cell technology, provide more physiologically relevant models and address ethical concerns regarding animal use. This review emphasizes the potential of these advanced microfluidic models in improving disease modeling, drug screening, and therapeutic strategies, ultimately advancing personalized medicine.