Optical kicking of liquid droplets for sample delivery in ultrafast soft X-ray experiments

We present a technique based on the optical force of a femtosecond laser acting on liquid micro-droplets for their precise manipulation in a vacuum, enabling an efficient sample delivery system for soft X-ray experiments. Conventional liquid jet methods, which are utilized in soft X-ray experiments, consume large sample volumes and offer limited control over droplet trajectories, leading to significant sample waste. Our approach uses optical forces from a femtosecond-pulsed focused laser to deflect free-falling droplets, guiding them with high precision toward the interaction region. This significantly reduces sample waste while enabling real-time control over droplet positioning. To understand the behavior of droplets in vacuum and their interaction with the focused laser beam, we employ theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. Hertz-Knudsen equations describe the thermodynamics of free-falling and deflected droplets, allowing estimation of their temperature and size as a function of time and position. The optical force acting on the droplets is determined using the transfer matrix method and Lorenz-Mie theory. The proposed technique provides fine tuning over delivery time and thermodynamic properties of the liquid sample, offering a promising platform for investigating supercooled liquid micro-droplets and phase transitions. It is a particularly well suited liquid sample delivery method for ultrafast X-ray experiments using tabletop sources, as well as current and future free-electron laser and high harmonic generation facilities.