A microphysiological systems approach to design gastrointestinal system

The gastrointestinal (GI) system is a complex and dynamic organ system, with the anatomy and varied physiological functionality adding complexity to nutrient absorption, immune function, and maintenance of overall health. This review begins with an overview of the anatomy, highlighting key organs and their respective roles, followed by an exploration of the functionality and physiology, detailing mechanisms of digestion, and microbial interactions. Traditional in vitro models and animal studies often fall short in accurately replicating the intricate environment of the human gut. Microphysiological systems (MPS) offer innovative solutions, integrating advanced techniques such as 3D bioprinting, spheroids, organoids, and microfluidics to create more accurate and dynamic models and have emerged as promising solutions to bridge this gap. This paper delves into the applications of MPS in the context of the GI system, including 3D bioprinted models that provide structural fidelity, intestinal organoids that mimic cellular complexity, and gut-on-chip devices that recreate the physiological environment. The transformative potential of MPS in overcoming the limitations of conventional models and accelerating biomedical research and therapeutic development in the GI domain is being well studied. These cutting-edge technologies hold promise for enhancing our understanding of GI biology, improving drug testing, and advancing personalized medicine.