Carbon-based nanotechnology for Parkinson's disease: diagnostic and therapeutic innovations

Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a number of disorders that share a core pathological feature of progressive neuronal damage and loss. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates, leading to significant motor deficits. The current limitations in early diagnosis and targeted treatment present a critical need for innovative approaches. Carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNPs), such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and fullerenes, have emerged as promising tools in addressing these challenges due to their exceptional electrical, mechanical, and biocompatible properties. This review highlights the applications of CBNPs in PD, including their use as neuroprotective agents that mitigate oxidative stress, drug delivery systems capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, and highly sensitive biosensors for early detection of PD biomarkers. Furthermore, recent advancements demonstrate their possible role as theranostic agents in PD. While the potential of CBNPs is significant, concerns regarding long-term safety, biocompatibility, and translational scalability remain. Continued research and refinement are essential to unlock the full clinical potential of CBNPs in the diagnosis and treatment of PD.