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Drug administration can occur through various routes, each of which may result in a different process of elimination. This process is often mixed with nonlinear and linear processes. It's important to understand that a single drug can be metabolized into different metabolites through parallel processes.
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One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Elimination Rate Constant, Half-Life and Volume of Distribution01:09

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The one-compartment open model is a simplified approach used in pharmacokinetics to understand the distribution and elimination of a drug administered through an intravenous bolus. This model assumes rapid drug dispersal throughout the body and elimination using a first-order process. Key pharmacokinetic parameters, such as the elimination rate constant (k), half-life (t1/2), and the apparent volume of distribution (Vd), can be estimated from this model. The elimination rate is calculated...
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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The one-compartment model is a pharmacokinetic tool that models the body as a single, uniform compartment, facilitating the understanding of drug distribution and elimination. This model is particularly beneficial for intravenous (IV) bolus administration, where the drug rapidly circulates throughout the body.
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Understanding drugs, drug products, and their performance in pharmaceutical science is pivotal. Drugs, whether simple molecules or complex compounds, are designed to interact with the body's biological systems to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases. Drug products include various delivery systems such as tablets, capsules, injections, and inhalers. The performance of these drug products is gauged by their ability to deliver the active ingredient to the desired site of action at the...
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Updated: Sep 14, 2025

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Streamlining one-dose package-handling process improves operational efficiency when dispensing drugs: A retrospective

Takahiro Kato1,2, Miki Kato1, Kazuyo Nagashiba1

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute city, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.

Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy
|July 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing one-dose package (ODP) verification workflows significantly reduced hospital pharmacy dispensing times. This strategy improved efficiency without increasing pharmacist workload, demonstrating the impact of streamlined processes.

Keywords:
Check dispensed drugDispensing operationDispensing timeFactors affecting dispensing timeOne-dose packagingPharmacist human resourceWork efficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacy Practice
  • Health Services Research
  • Drug Dispensing Efficiency

Background:

  • Japanese pharmacists seek to enhance efficiency and communication through process simplification and protocol development.
  • While automated dispensing systems show promise, empirical data on their impact on pharmacy efficiency remains limited.
  • This study investigates key factors influencing pharmacist efficiency in drug dispensing operations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify factors affecting pharmacist dispensing time in a hospital setting.
  • To evaluate the impact of implementing workflow optimization strategies on dispensing efficiency.
  • To determine if efficiency gains can be achieved without altering staffing levels.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of daily hospital pharmacy reports from two consecutive years (2020-2022).
  • Primary outcome measure was the mean duration of drug dispensing.
  • Multiple regression analyses were employed to identify significant factors influencing dispensing time, followed by intervention and outcome evaluation.

Main Results:

  • The prescription/pharmacist ratio, number of one-dose package (ODP) prescriptions, and handling of powdered drugs were significant factors affecting dispensing time.
  • Implementation of an optimized ODP verification workflow led to a significant decrease in mean dispensing time (20.0 ± 4.0 min to 18.5 ± 3.6 min).
  • The proportion of tasks completed within 20 minutes increased from 56.3% to 73.6% post-intervention, indicating enhanced efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Streamlining the one-dose package (ODP) verification process is a key strategy for improving hospital pharmacy dispensing efficiency.
  • Workflow optimization can reduce dispensing times and increase task completion rates without necessitating changes in staffing.
  • Further multicenter research is recommended to validate these findings across different healthcare settings.