Exploring the link: Hemogram-derived markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, often leading to severe complications. Hemogram markers have attracted great attention from researchers for their established role in inflammatory conditions. In this respect, T2DM and its microvascular complications are characterized by high inflammatory burden. Hence, recent studies in the literature have reported an association between T2DM and hemogram-derived markers. Emerging evidence highlights the utility of hemogram-derived markers, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, red cell distribution width, and mean platelet volume, as potential predictors of T2DM onset and progression. These markers, readily available from routine hemogram tests, offer valuable insights into the systemic inflammation and vascular changes associated with T2DM and its complications, such as cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, and retinopathy. This review synthesizes current research on the association between hemogram-derived markers and T2DM, emphasizing their prognostic value in predicting disease severity and complications. We also explore the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms linking these markers to inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. The findings suggest that hemogram-derived markers could serve as cost-effective, non-invasive tools for risk stratification and early intervention in T2DM management. Future research should focus on standardizing reference ranges and validating these markers in diverse populations to enhance their clinical utility.