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Updated: Sep 14, 2025
A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement
Published on: February 22, 2022
Effect of HIIT on hemostasis and vascular stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled
Mingyue Jiao1, Qingmei Li1, Xianzhi Xie1
1School of Teacher Education, Hezhou University, Hezhou, Guangxi, China.
Background:
Several small randomized trials have examined the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on hemostasis and vascular stiffness. However, a clear consensus regarding these effects has not been established. The study is to systematically review the evidence and quantify the impacts of HIIT compared with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or usual care (UC) on hemostasis and vascular stiffness.
Methods:
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exploring the impact of HIIT, MICT, or UC on hemostasis and vascular stiffness were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases up to June 10, 2025. A meta-analysis was performed to compare the standardized mean differences (SMD) of changes from baseline to post-intervention in platelet count (PLT), fibrinogen (FIB), D-dimer (D-D), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), augmentation index (AIx), AIx normalized to a heart rate of 75 beats·min-1 (AIx@75HR), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and brachial flow-mediated dilation normalized (nFMD), which were used to evaluate hemostasis and vascular stiffness. The 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated along with the SMD. All analyses were conducted in R (version 4.3.3).
Results:
Overall, 68 RCTs involving 2,679 patients were included in the analysis. PLT [SMD (95% CI) = -0.26 (-0.51; -0.01)] and FIB [SMD (95% CI) = -0.60 (-1.18; -0.01)] in hemostasis were decreased. Decreased cfPWV [SMD (95% CI) = -0.22 (-0.38; -0.06)], AIx [SMD (95% CI) = -0.16 (-0.30; -0.02)], and AIx@75HR [SMD (95% CI) = -0.35 (-0.61; -0.10)], as well as increased FMD [SMD (95% CI) = 0.37 (0.02; 0.72)] were observed in vascular stiffness. However, there were no notable differences in the D-D and nFMD parameters.
Conclusion:
HIIT notably improved FIB, cfPWV, AIx, and FMD compared to MICT, or UC. Under certain conditions, PLT and AIx@75HR can also benefit from HIIT. It may be particularly advantageous for patients with cardiovascular disease.
Systematic Review Registration:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/522614, identifier CRD42024522614.
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