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Related Concept Videos

Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview01:06

Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview

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Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current...
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Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

13.2K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
13.2K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

18.7K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

34.8K
The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Interfacial effects determine nonequilibrium phase behaviors in chemically driven fluids.

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  • 1Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Chemically driven fluids exhibit unique phase behavior not explained by equilibrium thermodynamics. Microscopic simulations reveal that interfacial fluctuations are key to understanding nonequilibrium condensation and droplet formation.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical physics
  • Soft matter physics
  • Non-equilibrium thermodynamics

Background:

  • Chemical fuel consumption coupled with phase separation drives condensation in nonequilibrium steady states.
  • Traditional theoretical models for chemically driven fluids often rely on near-equilibrium approximations at small scales.
  • Dissipation from both chemical reactions and diffusive transport complicates understanding equilibrium assumptions in these systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of nonequilibrium fluctuations at interfaces in chemically driven fluids.
  • To develop a first-principles theory for predicting nonequilibrium phase behavior.
  • To understand the governing principles of condensation, nucleation, and droplet size control.

Main Methods:

  • Microscopic simulations to observe mesoscopic fluxes and interfacial phenomena.
  • Development of a first-principles theoretical framework.
  • Comparison of theoretical predictions with simulation results.

Main Results:

  • Mesoscopic fluxes in phase-separated systems are shown to be dependent on nonequilibrium fluctuations at interfaces.
  • A first-principles theory accurately predicts nonequilibrium coexistence curves.
  • Localization of mesoscopic fluxes near interfaces and droplet size-scaling relations are predicted and validated.

Conclusions:

  • Interfacial properties play a critical role in governing nonequilibrium condensation.
  • The study provides a theoretical framework for understanding phase behavior in chemically driven fluids.
  • Findings have broad implications for droplet nucleation, coarsening, and size control in such systems.