Polysaccharide-based nanoparticles for 3D (bio)printing

Biopolymers are known as environmental materials with massive applications in various fields. Among biopolymers, polysaccharides are bioactive, renewable, bioresorbable, biocompatible, biodegradable, and hydrophilic. These brilliant properties have made them promising materials for use in emerging technologies. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of these green materials has extensive applications in clinical usage, novel electronic devices, developed resin and polymers, absorbents, etc. This review describes the recent development of employing polysaccharide-based nanomaterials in the construction of different bio-products by using extrusion, laser, inkjet 3D printing, and vat polymerization methods. The influence of incorporating nanoparticles (NPs) on the properties of the final 3D-printed composite comprising reinforcement effects, mechanical properties, viscosity, printability, shear-thinning property, biocompatibility, structural integrity, and interactions have been evaluated. This review helps researchers keep up with developments in polysaccharide-based 3D-printed composites, with the vision that NPs can potentially revolutionize the bioink issue in the future.