Targeting amyloid β₄₂ aggregation using a structurally defined graphene quantum dot model: A combined molecular and...

Amyloid beta (Aβ₄₂) aggregation plays a key role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), contributing to neuronal damage and cognitive impairment. This research examines ovalene, a structurally defined model of graphene quantum dots (GQDs), for its potential to inhibit Aβ₄₂ aggregation. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that ovalene interferes with Aβ₄₂ protofibril stability in a concentration-dependent manner by disrupting key hydrophobic and aromatic interactions, thus hindering β-sheet formation and fibril growth. Additionally, ovalene prevented Aβ₄₂ dimerization, an early step in amyloid aggregation. Experimental assays, including Thioflavin T fluorescence and circular dichroism, confirmed that ovalene reduces fibril formation while maintaining Aβ₄₂ in its monomeric state. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that ovalene counteracts Aβ₄₂-induced toxicity in Neuro-2a cells, with no harmful effects on normal or cancerous cells. In a Drosophila AD model, ovalene significantly lowered amyloid levels, showing the strongest effect at 2 mg/mL. These results support GQD's potential as an anti-amyloid therapy.