Recent advances in cellulose, chitosan, and protein-based edible films for sustainable food packaging: A...

Growing environmental awareness and consumer demand for sustainable packaging solutions are driving research into biopolymer-based biodegradable, edible films and coatings. This review comprehensively explores recent progress in the development, and application of edible films based on cellulose, chitosan, and proteins for food packaging. Biopolymer based films and coatings, compared to traditional petroleum-based plastic films and coatings, are an intriguing option for food packaging, given their edible and biodegradable nature and advantages to food quality, and shelf-life. The composition, functionality, and film-forming characteristics of major biopolymers were discussed. Role of plasticizers, surfactants, cross-linkers, and bioactive additives were highlighted which have been significantly improve flexibility, barrier properties, and antimicrobial properties of films. The functionality of composite and simple edible films from different or blended biopolymers were reviewed, while paying respect to their benefits, limitations, and synergistic properties. Through comparison of processing methods including solvent casting, and extrusion, similarities and differences in scalability, cost-effectiveness, and overall performance of edible films are evaluated. Moreover, the review discusses nanotechnology (such as nano-reinforced films and active packaging systems) in the context of improving film properties and performance. The applications of edible biodegradable films in fruit, vegetable, dairy, and meat preservation show the vast potential of these materials. The article further discusses issues that are hindering commercialization such as mechanical limitations, water sensitivity, heat seal-ability, regulation concerning nanomaterials, and describes alternative techniques such as electrospinning or 3D printing, signaling an exciting trajectory for next generation edible packaging. Overall, the review ultimately provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of edible films, and suggests solutions to current barriers of commercialization and innovation.