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AIDS virus.

Charles K Hammond1, Perpetual Kanzie2, Charles Martyn-Dickens2

  • 1Department of Child Health, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.

Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
|July 23, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

HIV neurological complications, or neuroAIDS, affect children, impacting development. Early treatment and careful management are crucial for better outcomes, especially in resource-limited settings.

Keywords:
AIDSChildrenHIVLMICNeuroAids

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • HIV impacts the central and peripheral nervous systems, causing neurological issues like neuroAIDS.
  • Children are particularly vulnerable due to an immature blood-brain barrier, affecting development.
  • Even HIV-exposed but uninfected children can experience neurodevelopmental delays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the neurological complications of HIV in children, collectively known as neuroAIDS.
  • To highlight the impact of HIV on neurodevelopment and cognitive functions in pediatric populations.
  • To discuss current challenges and strategies for managing neuroAIDS in children, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on HIV and neurological complications in children.
  • Analysis of direct viral effects, inflammation, opportunistic infections, and ART side effects.
  • Examination of neurodevelopmental outcomes, cognitive impairments, and neuropsychiatric conditions.

Main Results:

  • HIV encephalopathy (HIVE) causes developmental regression and cognitive/motor dysfunction, though its prevalence decreased with ART.
  • Opportunistic infections (tuberculous meningitis, encephalitis) and cerebrovascular diseases are common in pediatric HIV.
  • Epilepsy and peripheral neuropathy are more frequent, with ART sometimes contributing to neuropathy.

Conclusions:

  • Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is vital for improving neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with HIV.
  • Careful drug selection and managing opportunistic infections before ART are critical to prevent complications.
  • Healthcare access disparities significantly affect neurological outcomes for children in resource-limited settings.