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Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
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Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
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Drying Shrinkage01:21

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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
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The alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete involves natural siliceous minerals in aggregates reacting with alkaline hydroxides derived from cement alkalis. This reaction forms an alkali-silica gel that absorbs water, swells, and increases in volume, which is confined by the surrounding cement paste, creating internal pressures that crack and disrupt the concrete. The extent of expansion and damage can be partly attributed to the alkali-silica reaction's osmotic hydraulic pressure and the...
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A Novel Stretching Platform for Applications in Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology
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Mechanical underwater adhesive devices for soft substrates.

Ziliang Kang1,2,3, Johanna A Gomez1, Alisa MeiShan Ross2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.

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|July 23, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Inspired by remora fish, the Mechanical Underwater Soft Adhesion System (MUSAS) provides robust underwater adhesion to dynamic soft tissues. This biomimetic system has broad applications in healthcare and marine technology.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomimetics
  • Materials Science
  • Soft Robotics

Background:

  • Underwater adhesion to dynamic soft tissues is a significant challenge.
  • Existing adhesion methods fail under extreme pH and moisture conditions.
  • Remora fish exhibit remarkable adhesion capabilities on soft substrates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel underwater adhesion system inspired by remora fish.
  • To investigate the principles of remora adhesion for biomimetic design.
  • To demonstrate the system's versatility and applications.

Main Methods:

  • Anatomical, behavioral, physical, and biomimetic analysis of remora adhesion.
  • Design and fabrication of the Mechanical Underwater Soft Adhesion System (MUSAS).
  • Testing adhesion performance on diverse soft substrates under various conditions.

Main Results:

  • MUSAS demonstrates exceptional adhesion to a wide range of soft substrates.
  • Achieved an adhesion-force-to-weight ratio up to 1,391-fold.
  • Maintained performance under extreme pH and moisture levels.

Conclusions:

  • The MUSAS system effectively mimics remora adhesion for robust underwater attachment.
  • This technology has potential applications in healthcare (drug delivery, monitoring) and marine technology.
  • Further development could advance soft robotics and biomedical devices.