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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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The study of music provides many examples of the superposition of waves and the constructive and destructive interference that occurs. Very few examples of music being performed consist of a single source playing a single frequency for an extended period of time. A single frequency of sound for an extended period might be monotonous to the point of irritation, similar to the unwanted drone of an aircraft engine or a loud fan. Music is pleasant and exciting due to mixing the changing frequencies...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks
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Active Inference in Music Perception: Motor Engagement to Syncopation Modulates Rhythmic Prediction Error.

Kai Ishida1, Hiroshi Nittono1

  • 1Graduate School of Human Sciences, The University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan.

Psychophysiology
|July 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bodily engagement, like tapping, enhances rhythm perception and reduces sensory prediction errors in music. This active inference process increases precision, demonstrating how action shapes our perception of auditory timing.

Keywords:
Shannon surpriseactive inferencefree energy principlegroovemismatch negativitypredictive codingrhythm perception

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Music Perception
  • Active Inference

Background:

  • Active inference posits that sensory prediction error is modulated by action.
  • Syncopation in music creates metric uncertainty, potentially engaging active inference.
  • The role of bodily engagement in modulating rhythmic prediction error is underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if rhythmic prediction error is modulated by improved rhythm perception via synchronized tapping.
  • To examine the influence of active engagement on sensory surprisal in music perception.

Main Methods:

  • Electroencephalography (EEG) recorded from 35 participants listening to rhythmic sequences.
  • Comparison between a tapping condition (synchronous with the beat) and a no-tapping control condition.
  • Analysis of mismatch negativity (MMN) to assess prediction error and intertrial phase coherence (ITPC) for neural entrainment.

Main Results:

  • A larger MMN was observed in the tapping condition, indicating enhanced precision of rhythmic prediction.
  • Intertrial phase coherence (ITPC) differed between conditions at beat-related frequencies, suggesting improved neural entrainment.
  • These effects were independent of physiological arousal, as measured by EEG power and heart rate variability.

Conclusions:

  • Synchronized tapping enhances meter and beat information, reducing sensory surprisal associated with syncopation.
  • Bodily engagement modulates sensory prediction error within the active inference framework.
  • Active inference in music perception is influenced by the precision gained through motor engagement.