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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Translation01:31

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Homocysteine and thyroid diseases.

Lili Cui1, Fei Wang1, Chunyu Li1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Diseaseand Translational Medicine, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, China.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|July 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High homocysteine (Hcy) levels are linked to various diseases. This review explores the complex relationship between Hcy and thyroid disorders, offering insights for prevention and treatment.

Keywords:
MTHFRhomocysteinehyperhomocysteinemiahyperthyroidismhypothyroidism

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Medicine
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Homocysteine (Hcy) is a key metabolite in methionine metabolism, crucial for methylation processes.
  • Elevated Hcy (hyperhomocysteinemia, HHcy) is implicated in endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and thrombosis.
  • HHcy is associated with cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, thrombotic conditions, and cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current research on the association between homocysteine levels and thyroid diseases.
  • To elucidate the potential role of HHcy in the pathogenesis of various thyroid conditions.
  • To provide novel perspectives for the clinical management and prevention of thyroid disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating homocysteine and thyroid disease.
  • Analysis of existing data on the link between HHcy and hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and other thyroid conditions.
  • Synthesis of findings to identify trends and controversies.

Main Results:

  • Hyperhomocysteinemia may be directly or indirectly associated with the development of hypothyroidism.
  • The relationship between HHcy and hyperthyroidism, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, and thyroid hormone resistance remains controversial.
  • Evidence suggests a complex interplay between Hcy metabolism and thyroid function.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to clarify the controversial aspects of HHcy's role in thyroid diseases.
  • Understanding the Hcy-thyroid axis may offer new therapeutic targets.
  • This review highlights the importance of considering Hcy levels in the context of thyroid health.