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Related Concept Videos

Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
Transmission Shafts: Problem Solving01:09

Transmission Shafts: Problem Solving

Designing a solid shaft that transmits power from a motor to a machine tool involves a series of calculations to ensure the shaft can withstand the stresses applied by bending moments and torques. First, calculate the torque exerted on the gear, considering the power transmitted by the shaft and its rotational speed. Following this, compute the tangential forces acting on the gears, which directly relate to the torque and the gear radius.
Next, use bending moment diagrams for the shaft to...
Three-Winding Transformers01:19

Three-Winding Transformers

Three identical single-phase transformers can be configured to form a three-phase transformer connection, which involves high-voltage and low-voltage windings. The high-voltage windings are denoted by capital letters A-B-C, while the low-voltage windings are labeled with lowercase letters a-b-c, representing their respective phases. This notation helps distinguish between the high and low voltage sides of the transformer.
In the per-unit equivalent circuit of a grounded Y-Y three-phase...
Directional Relays01:25

Directional Relays

Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
Multimachine Stability01:25

Multimachine Stability

Multimachine stability analysis is crucial for understanding the dynamics and stability of power systems with multiple synchronous machines. The objective is to solve the swing equations for a network of M machines connected to an N-bus power system.
In analyzing the system, the nodal equations represent the relationship between bus voltages, machine voltages, and machine currents. The nodal equation is given by:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Method and Instrumented Fixture for Femoral Fracture Testing in a Sideways Fall-on-the-Hip Position
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Reliability of a Linear Position Transducer During the Bench Press Across Three Segments.

Jennifer Rivera1, Edward Z Pelka1, Ryan W Gant1

  • 1Exercise Physiology Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.

International Journal of Exercise Science
|July 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The HUMAC360 system reliably measures mean velocity (MV) and peak velocity (PV) during bench press, but duration (DUR) measures require caution. Reliability varied across intensities and segments for DUR.

Keywords:
Velocity-based trainingresistance exercisestrength and conditioning

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Human Movement Analysis

Background:

  • Accurate measurement of movement kinematics is crucial for performance analysis and injury prevention.
  • The HUMAC360 system is a tool used for assessing strength and power, but its reliability for specific bench press metrics needs validation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the inter-set and inter-session reliability of the HUMAC360 for measuring duration (DUR), peak velocity (PV), and mean velocity (MV) during the bench press exercise.
  • To assess reliability across different intensity levels (30%-70% of one-repetition maximum) and distinct movement segments (bottom, middle, top).

Main Methods:

  • Seventeen recreationally active adults participated, completing a one-repetition maximum test followed by two testing sessions.
  • Participants performed two sets of three repetitions at various percentages of their one-repetition maximum.
  • Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM), with paired samples t-tests for significant differences.

Main Results:

  • Excellent reliability (high ICCs) was observed for peak velocity (PV) and mean velocity (MV) across most intensities and segments between sets.
  • Inter-session reliability for PV and MV was excellent at lower intensities but decreased at higher intensities.
  • Inter-session reliability for duration (DUR) was variable across intensities and movement segments.

Conclusions:

  • The HUMAC360 system demonstrates reliable measurement of peak velocity (PV) and mean velocity (MV) during the bench press across sets and sessions.
  • Users should exercise caution when interpreting duration (DUR) measures obtained from the HUMAC360, as its reliability is less consistent.
  • The findings support the use of HUMAC360 for velocity-based assessments in the bench press, with specific attention to the limitations regarding duration measurements.