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Cytotoxicity of Printed Aligners: A Systematic Review
Mauro Lorusso1, Fariba Esperouz1, Gabriele Di Carlo2
1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dental School of Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
Dentistry Journal
|July 25, 2025
Summary
3D-printed aligners show variable cytotoxicity, influenced by post-curing methods and resin type. Further research is needed to confirm the safety of direct 3D printing in aligner therapy.
Area of Science:
- Biomaterials Science
- Dental Materials
- Orthodontics
Background:
- Direct 3D printing of aligners eliminates traditional dental models and thermoforming.
- This technology offers a significant advancement in aligner therapy.
- Growing clinical use necessitates a clear understanding of the safety profile of 3D-printed aligners.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and assess the cytotoxicity of 3D-printed aligners.
- To clarify the safety profile of 3D-printed aligners for clinical application.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature search conducted up to February 2025 across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.
- Inclusion of five in vitro studies following a rigorous selection process.
- Quality and risk of bias assessment using the QUIN tool.
Main Results:
- Four studies utilized TC-85 resin, and one used TA-28 resin.
- Two studies reported no cytotoxic effects; one observed mild cytotoxicity with UV/heat post-curing.
- Increased cytotoxicity was noted with extended UV/nitrogen curing; significant heterogeneity existed across studies.
Conclusions:
- Cytotoxicity of 3D-printed aligners is linked to post-curing duration and system type.
- Adherence to manufacturer protocols is crucial for safety.
- Limited studies and methodological variability preclude definitive conclusions; further standardized research is required.
