Challenging the neutral axis: 15-year results of under-corrected varus in total knee arthroplasty

While total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is effective for managing end-stage tricompartmental osteoarthritis, up to 30% of patients report dissatisfaction due to functional limitations. There is increasing interest in whether maintaining slight residual varus alignment may better replicate native knee kinematics and improve outcomes.

This retrospective, single-center study evaluated 123 knees in 77 patients who underwent primary TKA between 2008 and 2010. The surgical aim was mild under-correction of varus deformity. Postoperative limb alignment was classified as residual varus (1°-3°), neutral (0°), or mild valgus (1°-2°). Clinical and radiological evaluations were performed at a mean follow-up of 15.5 years. Outcome measures included KOOS, KSS, FJS-12, VAS for pain/satisfaction, range of motion, and the ability to kneel or sit cross-legged. Radiographs assessed mechanical alignment and implant integrity.

Residual varus alignment (1°-3°) was achieved in 78.9% of knees. KOOS, KSS, and FJS-12 scores improved across all groups, with the varus group showing slightly higher final scores (KOOS: 92.8 ± 2.8) compared to neutral (92.0 ± 2.6) and valgus (91.4 ± 3.1), though not statistically significant. Radiographs showed no loosening or failure. Activities such as kneeling and cross-legged sitting were better preserved in the varus group.

At 15-year follow-up, patients with mild residual varus alignment demonstrated excellent functional outcomes and implant survival, with trends toward better satisfaction and cultural functionality. Mild under-correction in varus knees appears safe and may support more personalized alignment strategies.