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Related Concept Videos

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management01:28

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Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

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Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
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The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...
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Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
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Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description01:30

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The pleura is a vital part of the respiratory system. It's a double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity. The two layers of the pleura are:
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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
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Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
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A Practical Approach to Pleural Infection.

Steven J Smith1, Benjamin J Pippard2,3

  • 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Victoria Infirmary, The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.

Pulmonary Therapy
|July 27, 2025
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Summary

Pleural infection management remains challenging despite advances. This review covers pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for pleural infection, emphasizing current concepts for optimal patient care.

Keywords:
Chest drainEffusionEmpyemaParapneumonicPleural infection

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Thoracic Surgery

Background:

  • Pleural infection presents significant clinical challenges with poor patient outcomes.
  • Current treatments like antibiotics and chest tube drainage are standard, but optimal strategies are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of pleural infection's pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.
  • To highlight current concepts and key practice points for clinicians.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on pleural infection.
  • Synthesis of information on pathophysiology, microbiology, and treatment modalities.

Main Results:

  • Pleural infection encompasses a spectrum of disease.
  • Antibiotics and chest tube drainage are primary treatments; surgery is reserved for non-responders.
  • Optimal management, including early surgical or intrapleural therapy, requires further clarification.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of pleural infection requires a comprehensive understanding of its complexities.
  • Further research is needed to define optimal treatment strategies, particularly regarding early interventions.
  • This article aims to guide clinicians in managing this complex patient group.