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Molecular Factors Affecting Cell Division

Molecular Factors Affecting Cell Division

Several external and internal factors influence the initiation and inhibition of cell division. For instance, the death of nearby cells or the release of human growth hormone (hGH) promotes cell division. In contrast, lack of hGH or crowding of cells can inhibit cell division.
Several proteins function as internal regulators to ensure each cell cycle stage is completed faithfully before proceeding to the next. Regulator molecules may act directly or influence the activity or production of other...

The Cell Cycle Control System

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are the primary cell cycle regulators and...

Negative Regulator Molecules

Negative Regulator Molecules

Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.

Positive Regulator Molecules

Positive Regulator Molecules

Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...

Centrioles and Centrosomes

Centrioles and Centrosomes

Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Published on: December 5, 2017

Proteins involved in cell division have broad developmental functions.

Jessica Benito¹, Elizabeth McCulla¹, Raisa Sumaiya¹

¹Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, USA.

Developmental Biology

|July 27, 2025

Summary

Proteins critical for cell division, such as Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1 (CDK1), Polo Like Kinase 1 (PLK1), and Aurora kinase (Aurk), have vital roles in embryogenesis beyond mitosis. Inhibiting these proteins disrupts key developmental processes.

Keywords:

Cleavage stage Gastrulation Mitosis Pigment cells Sea urchin Skeleton

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Last Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

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Published on: February 20, 2017

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Proteins essential for mitosis are hypothesized to have alternative functions during embryogenesis.
Understanding these roles is crucial for comprehending early development and potential developmental disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the expression patterns of mitosis-related proteins during embryogenesis.
To determine if these proteins have functions beyond cell division in embryonic development.

Main Methods:

Examined spatial and temporal expression of mitosis-related transcripts throughout development.
Treated embryos with inhibitors of Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1 (CDK1), Polo Like Kinase 1 (PLK1), and Aurora kinase (Aurk).
Analyzed effects on embryonic development, gastrulation, skeletogenesis, and cell differentiation.

Main Results:

CDK1, PLK1, and Aurk transcripts are expressed in non-dividing embryonic cells.
Inhibitor treatment caused developmental delays, gastrulation defects, and altered skeletogenesis.
Specific effects on pigment cell numbers were observed, with no change in proliferation rates, indicating non-mitotic functions.
PLK1 and Aurk signaling may influence ERK pathways.

Conclusions:

CDK1, PLK1, and Aurk possess crucial functions in embryogenesis independent of their roles in mitosis.
These proteins are involved in regulating key developmental events like gastrulation and cell differentiation.
Further research into PLK1 and Aurk signaling could reveal new therapeutic targets for developmental abnormalities.