Heterozygous loss of MAP4K1 causes immune dysregulation by amplifying T-cell responses

MAP4K1 encodes hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1), a serine/threonine kinase that negatively regulates T-cell receptor signaling via phosphorylation of the adaptor proteins SLP-76 (Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa) and Gads. While common MAP4K1 variants have been implicated in polygenic immune-mediated diseases, the impact of rare germline variants on human immunity remains undefined.

We investigated the immunologic and functional consequences of HPK1 deficiency in individuals with suspected inborn errors of immunity.

We performed genomic linkage analysis and exome sequencing to identify disease-associated variants in patients with inborn errors of immunity. Immunophenotyping, RNA sequencing, and functional assays were conducted on patient-derived lymphocytes, complemented by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated MAP4K1 disruption and correction in primary T cells.

Heterozygous MAP4K1 loss-of-function variants were identified in two kindreds presenting with diverse immune dysregulatory symptoms, including recurrent fevers, inflammatory arthritis, Epstein-Barr virus-related complications, and nephritis. These variants led to reduced HPK1 protein levels and SLP-76^Ser376 phosphorylation. While lymphocyte development was largely preserved, T cells from HPK1-deficient individuals displayed hyperresponsiveness to T-cell receptor stimulation, characterized by elevated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly IFN-γ and TNF. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout recapitulated, and variant correction partially reversed this phenotype. Transcriptomic profiling of stimulated CD4⁺ T cells further revealed upregulation of immune signaling pathways-including NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and AP-1-as well as increased expression of multiple T-cell cytokines, consistent with enhanced T-cell receptor signaling and T-cell responses in HPK1-deficient individuals.

HPK1 deficiency, caused by heterozygous loss of MAP4K1, is a novel monogenic cause of immune dysregulation. Increased T-cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine production are implicated in disease pathogenesis.