Fitness, Weight Status and Executive Functions in Adolescents: A Cluster Analysis

Low levels of physical fitness and the prevalence of obesity represent significant public health concerns that may adversely affect executive functions in adolescents. This study aimed to examine the associations between physical fitness and weight status clusters and executive functions in adolescents. A total of 1156 secondary school students aged 12-14 years participated in the study. Cluster analysis was conducted using field-measured cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular fitness (MF), and body mass index (BMI). Core executive functions, including inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, were assessed using computerized tests. Five profiles were identified: (1) Thin & Unfit, (2) Normal weight & Fit, (3) Fat & Strong, (4) Fat & Unfit, and (5) Thin & Aerobic. Participants with profiles characterized by higher CRF and MF levels and lower BMI demonstrated superior executive function compared to those with unfit profiles. This study underscores the importance of maintaining adequate levels of physical fitness and appropriate weight status in adolescents to support optimal performance of core executive functions. Furthermore, it highlights the interplay of the three components in mitigating the adverse effects of deficiencies in any one component. Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT05891054 and NCT06254638.