Active and passive smooth eye movements: effects of stimulus size and location

We measured active smooth pursuit eye movements and passive smooth eye movements in the open-loop condition as subjects viewed moving stimuli of different sizes and at various retinal loci. Active movements have high gain and relatively large phase lag. Passive movements have lower gain and smaller phase lag, and occur with either foveal or eccentric stimuli. They appear to be similar or identical to optokinetic movements. Although different, active and passive movements show a similar increase in amplitude and phase lag as the size of the stimulus was increased. From these findings we suggest that: (1) The stimuli for the active movements are target position and velocity; (2) the stimulus for passive movements is target velocity; and (3) the active response to target velocity is related, in part, to the passive response and thus is related to optokinesis.