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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
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Insular Cortex Modulation by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Concurrent Functional Magnetic

Daphné Citherlet1,2, Olivier Boucher1,3, Manon Robert1

  • 1Neurosciences Axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.

Brain Sciences
|July 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can alter brain activity in specific insular cortex regions. This neuroimaging study shows rTMS effectively modulates insular function, evidenced by BOLD signal changes and taste disturbances.

Keywords:
BOLD signalconcurrent rTMS-fMRIdysgeusiafMRIhigh-frequencyinsular cortexneuromodulationneuronavigationneurostimulationrTMS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuromodulation
  • Brain Imaging

Background:

  • The insula is a critical brain region involved in numerous functions and pathologies.
  • Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a potential neuromodulation technique.
  • Limited research exists on rTMS effects on the insula and its target engagement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of rTMS on insular cortex activity.
  • To assess blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes in the insula during rTMS using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Main Methods:

  • Six participants received 5 Hz high-frequency rTMS over the right insular cortex within an MRI scanner.
  • Neuronavigation ensured precise coil placement.
  • Paired t-tests compared BOLD signals during stimulation versus resting-state fMRI, with FDR correction (q < 0.01).

Main Results:

  • rTMS significantly modulated BOLD activity in distinct insular subregions.
  • Increased activity was noted in anterior and middle insula; decreased activity in ventral anterior and posterior insula.
  • Transient dysgeusia (altered taste) in two participants indicated functional modulation.

Conclusions:

  • rTMS can modulate specific subregions of the insular cortex.
  • Observed BOLD responses and dysgeusia support rTMS feasibility for insular neuromodulation.