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Neglect and Neurodevelopment: A Narrative Review Understanding the Link Between Child Neglect and Executive Function

Silvia Herrero-Roldán1, Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez2,3

  • 1Faculty of Health Sciences, UNIE University, 28015 Madrid, Spain.

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|July 29, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Childhood neglect significantly impacts brain development, leading to lasting executive function deficits. Understanding these neurobiological effects is crucial for effective interventions.

Keywords:
HPA axischild neglectepigeneticsexecutive functionsneurodevelopmentprefrontal cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Child Psychiatry

Background:

  • Childhood neglect, a form of maltreatment, profoundly affects neurodevelopment.
  • Neglect's absence of care disrupts brain maturation, especially in executive function regions.
  • It is a critical risk factor for executive dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore neurobiological mechanisms linking early-life neglect to impaired executive functions.
  • To emphasize alterations in brain structure/function, HPA axis, and epigenetic factors.
  • To provide a comprehensive review of current research.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review of 170 articles from major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO).
  • Studies published between January 2000 and March 2025 were selected.
  • Inclusion criteria focused on methodological rigor, executive functioning, and child neglect.

Main Results:

  • Neglect disrupts neural circuits (prefrontal cortex, amygdala), causing deficits in attention, working memory, impulse control, and flexibility.
  • Chronic stress from neglect dysregulates the HPA axis and elevates cortisol, impairing neural plasticity.
  • Epigenetic modifications mediate long-term cognitive and emotional consequences.

Conclusions:

  • Childhood neglect is a distinct risk factor for executive dysfunction.
  • Understanding these neurodevelopmental consequences is vital for targeted prevention and intervention.
  • This knowledge supports developing strategies to enhance cognitive resilience in affected children.