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Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Author Spotlight: Innovating Thiol Quantification and Biomarker Detection for Oxidative Stress Research

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Oxidative Stress and Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

Goran Slivšek^1,2,3,4, Sandra Mijač^2,4, Ivan Dolanc¹

¹Institute for Anthropological Research, Gajeva ulica 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

|July 29, 2025

Summary

Oxidative stress is a key factor in Down syndrome (DS), impacting health and aging. Research highlights its complex causes and the need for better detection and interventions to reduce damage in individuals with DS.

Keywords:

Down syndrome aneuploidy antioxidants biomarkers chromosome disorders free radicals oxidants oxidative stress systematic review

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Genetics
Cell Biology

Background:

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common human aneuploidy.
Oxidative stress is a significant factor in DS, contributing to its characteristic abnormalities.
Oxidative stress is linked to morphological abnormalities, immune dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and accelerated aging in DS.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of studies on oxidative stress in Down syndrome.
To investigate endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, with a focus on endogenous systems.
To explore the multifactorial origins of oxidative stress in DS.

Main Methods:

Literature search using MEDLINE and Scopus databases.
Adherence to PRISMA 2020 guidelines for study selection.
Analysis of 41 relevant studies, primarily using blood samples (plasma, serum), saliva, and urine.

Main Results:

Oxidative stress in DS is multifactorial, stemming from an imbalance in superoxide dismutase activity.
Overexpression of genes on chromosome 21, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation contribute to oxidative stress.
Emerging evidence continues to reveal new sources and mechanisms of oxidative stress in DS.

Conclusions:

Oxidative stress is a hallmark of Down syndrome, necessitating advanced detection methods.
Further investigation into metabolic pathways associated with oxidative stress in DS is crucial.
In vivo studies are essential for developing targeted interventions to mitigate oxidative damage and improve outcomes for individuals with DS.