Oxidative Stress and Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Genetics
• Cell Biology

Background:

• Down syndrome (DS) is the most common human aneuploidy.
• Oxidative stress is a significant factor in DS, contributing to its characteristic abnormalities.
• Oxidative stress is linked to morphological abnormalities, immune dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and accelerated aging in DS.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an overview of studies on oxidative stress in Down syndrome.
• To investigate endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, with a focus on endogenous systems.
• To explore the multifactorial origins of oxidative stress in DS.

Main Methods:

• Literature search using MEDLINE and Scopus databases.
• Adherence to PRISMA 2020 guidelines for study selection.
• Analysis of 41 relevant studies, primarily using blood samples (plasma, serum), saliva, and urine.

Main Results:

• Oxidative stress in DS is multifactorial, stemming from an imbalance in superoxide dismutase activity.
• Overexpression of genes on chromosome 21, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation contribute to oxidative stress.
• Emerging evidence continues to reveal new sources and mechanisms of oxidative stress in DS.

Conclusions:

• Oxidative stress is a hallmark of Down syndrome, necessitating advanced detection methods.
• Further investigation into metabolic pathways associated with oxidative stress in DS is crucial.
• In vivo studies are essential for developing targeted interventions to mitigate oxidative damage and improve outcomes for individuals with DS.