Modulatory Effects of Urtica dioica on Neurodegenerative Diseases: Unveiling the Latest Findings and Applications Related to Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Cognitive Dysfunction

Over the past decade, Urtica dioica L. (U. dioica) has gained prominence in biomedical research, particularly for its potential therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. This comprehensive review explores its botanical characteristics, toxicological considerations, and extensive traditional medicinal uses. Emphasizing the roles of phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids and overall polyphenolic compounds, this review examines their impact on mitigating critical pathways, such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction-all of which are implicated in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS)-and, overall, in neurodegenerative processes in both humans and animal models. Notably, some phytochemicals are known to modulate crucial pathways for neuronal plasticity, learning, and memory, thereby enhancing cognitive functions. Hence, the potential of U. dioica-based therapies to improve cognitive function and pave the way for future therapeutic developments in neuroprotection is underscored.