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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

291
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
291
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure01:16

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

319
Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
Oxygen therapy is vital in increasing and maintaining blood oxygen levels in PAH patients. As a result, it aids in reducing fatigue,...
319
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists01:18

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

225
Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme...
225
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers01:26

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers

259
Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...
259
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

46
Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
46
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors01:28

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

254
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
Among the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil (Revatio) stands out as a competitive and selective inhibitor. It operates by elevating cellular levels of cGMP and augmenting signaling through the cGMP-PKG pathway, promoting vasodilation. Upon oral...
254

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Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
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Pulmonary Hypertension: Let's Take Stock!

Michele Cacia1, Egidio Imbalzano2, Vincenzo Antonio Ciconte1

  • 1Cardiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria "Renato Dulbecco", P.O. "Pugliese", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 29, 2025
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Summary

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) involves high blood pressure in lung arteries. This review details pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) classification, causes, diagnostics, and treatments, emphasizing expert care for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
pulmonary hypertensionrare diseasetreatments

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is elevated pulmonary arterial pressure.
  • Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe subset of PH.
  • Understanding PH classification and PAH pathophysiology is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of PH classification.
  • To discuss PAH pathophysiology, diagnostics, and treatments.
  • To highlight the role of expert centers in managing PAH.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current PH classification systems.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms in PAH.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Detailed explanation of the five clinical groups of PH.
  • Exploration of vascular remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, and genetics in PAH.
  • Review of established and novel PAH therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis and risk stratification are key for PAH management.
  • Multidisciplinary care and clinical trial enrollment improve patient outcomes.
  • Expert centers play a vital role in optimizing PAH patient care.